The World Flora Online

SELECTED REFERENCES

Jonker, F. P. 1938. A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 51: 1–279. Leake, J. R. 1994. Tansley review no. 69. The biology of myco-heterotrophic (‘saprophytic’) plants. New Phytol. 127: 171–216. Maas, P. J. M. et al. 1986. Burmanniaceae. In: Organization for Flora Neotropica. 1968+. Flora Neotropica. 75+ nos. New York. No. 42. Wood, C. E. Jr. 1983. The genera of Burmanniaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 64: 293–307.

Herbs, annual or perennial, mycotrophic and white or purplish, or autotrophic and green. Roots subterranean, mycorrhizal, filiform or stoutly terete. Stems monopodial, unbranched or with few branches, erect, slender; rhizomes present or absent. Leaves present or absent, cauline or basal, alternate, simple, sessile, often scalelike, margins entire; stipules absent. Inflorescences terminal cymes, sometimes appearing racemose or capitate, or flowers solitary; each flower subtended by scalelike floral bract. Flowers: tepals 6, partially or wholly connate, tube persistent or caducous in fruit, limb lobes 3 in 1 whorl or 6 in 2 whorls, greenish, purple, or white, sometimes blue-tinged, often ribbed or winged, throat with or without annulus; stamens 3 or 6, sessile or subsessile; pollen sacs separated on appendaged connective or connective broadened and connate, forming ring proximal to annulus; pistil 1, ovary inferior, 1- or 3-locular; placentation parietal or axile; ovules numerous; style 1, 3-branched apically; stigmas 3. Fruits capsules, ovoid, obconic, or cup-shaped; dehiscence transverse, longitudinal by 3 valves, or irregular. Seeds numerous, minute.

Herbes annuelles ou pérennes, mycohétérotrophes (« saprophytiques ») et sans chlorophylle, ou autotrophes chlorophylliennes, avec ou sans rhizome, avec des racines. Feuilles alternes, sessiles, réduites à des petites écailles ou plus grandes et vertes (Burmannia) et à nervation parallèle. Inflorescences en cymes terminales. Fleurs petites, actinomorphes, bisexuées, 3-mères, sous-tendues par une bractée; périgone à tube cylindrique et 6 lobes égaux ou inégaux; étamines 3, insérées au sommet du tube floral, devant les tépales internes, filets dressés, loges à déhiscence transversale; ovaire infère, uniloculaire à placentation pariétale ou 3-loculaire à placentation axillaire; glandes septales apicales plus ou moins distinctes; style 1, stigmates 3. Fruit: capsule déhiscente. Graines microscopiques.

Herbes'annuelles ou vivaces, autotrophiques et pourvues de chlorophylle, ou hétérotrophiques et dépourvues de chlorophylle.'Feuilles'alternes, simples, linéaires ou réduites à des écailles. Cyme terminale, unipare ou bipare, parfois réduite à 1 fleur; bractées présentes, petites.'Fleurs'☿ actinomorphes ou zygomorphes, parfois munies de 3 ailes ou de 3 à 6 côtes; tépales 3 + 3, en 2 verticilles, inégaux, unis à la base en un tube cylindrique ou trigone; étamines 6 ou le plus souvent 3 superposées aux tépales internes, insérées sur le tube du périgone, à anthères subsessiles à sessiles, déhiscentes transversalement ( Burmannieae ), à anthères pendantes, déhiscentes longitudinalement (Thismieae); gynécée à 3 carpelles soudés, à ovaire infère et 1-loculaire à placentation pariétale, ou 3-loculaire à placentation axile; ovules ∞, anatropes; style entier ou légèrement trifide au sommet; stigmates 3, parfois appendiculés.'Capsules'à dehiscence généralement irrégulière ou fruits charnus.'Graines ∞, petites, albuminées; testa réticulé.\n\t\t\tFamille comptant 16 genres et environ 120 espèces des régions tropicales. Pour la Flore, 2 genres et 3 espèces.

Fls trimerous, regular (ours) or somewhat irregular, perfect, epigynous; perianth corolloid, tubular below, (3- or) 6-lobed, the outer lobes valvate, the inner mostly smaller and induplicate- valvate (seldom wanting); stamens 6, or often only 3 and then alternate with the sep, borne on the perianth-tube, sessile or on short filaments, the anthers sometimes connate into a tube around (but free from) the style; ovary inferior, trilocular or unilocular, the placentation accordingly axile or parietal; fr capsular, often winged; seeds very numerous and tiny, with scanty or virtually no endosperm, the embryo minute and undifferentiated; small, mycotrophic herbs with alternate green lvs, or the lvs more often reduced to scales and the plant without chlorophyll; fls in terminal cymes or racemes, or solitary and terminal. 20/130.

Small herbs, usually saprophytic, rhizomatous or tuberous, usually lacking chlorophyll Leaves alternate, simple, entire, sessile, clasping, often forming a rosette, the cauline leaves often scale-like; venation parallel or obscure Inflorescence terminal, branched or reduced to 1 flower, racemose or cymose; bracts small Seeds numerous, minute, subglobose, linear or ellipsoid; endosperm scanty or none Fruit a capsule, crowned by remains of perianth, often 3- or 6-ribbed or -winged, opening apically or longitudinally between the placentas Ovary inferior, 3-locular with axile placentas or 1-locular with parietal placentas, which sometimes detach and become suspended apically; sometimes with globose glands on either side of the placentas; ovules numerous, minute; style included, usually short, filiform to conical, shortly 3-lobed or capitate; stigmas sometimes with long filiform tails Stamens 3 or 6, inserted at various heights, if 3, then opposite inner tepals; anthers dehiscing transversely or longitudinally, sessile or pendulous, 2-thecous; thecae sometimes divaricate and stipitate on the forked connective, which sometimes has apical and/or basal appendages Perianth-tube open or constricted at the mouth, persistent or not; outer tepals valvate; inner tepals usually smaller, sometimes absent; tepals sometimes very long, narrowly triangular Flowers bisexual, regular or irregular, trimerous, often 3-6-angled or 3-winged, the wings decurrent on to the ovary Leaves alternate, simple, entire, sessile, clasping, often forming a rosette, the cauline leaves often scale-like; venation parallel or obscure Inflorescence terminal, branched or reduced to 1 flower, racemose or cymose; bracts small Seeds numerous, minute, subglobose, linear or ellipsoid; endosperm scanty or none Fruit a capsule, crowned by remains of perianth, often 3- or 6-ribbed or -winged, opening apically or longitudinally between the placentas Ovary inferior, 3-locular with axile placentas or 1-locular with parietal placentas, which sometimes detach and become suspended apically; sometimes with globose glands on either side of the placentas; ovules numerous, minute; style included, usually short, filiform to conical, shortly 3-lobed or capitate; stigmas sometimes with long filiform tails Stamens 3 or 6, inserted at various heights, if 3, then opposite inner tepals; anthers dehiscing transversely or longitudinally, sessile or pendulous, 2-thecous; thecae sometimes divaricate and stipitate on the forked connective, which sometimes has apical and/or basal appendages Perianth-tube open or constricted at the mouth, persistent or not; outer tepals valvate; inner tepals usually smaller, sometimes absent; tepals sometimes very long, narrowly triangular Flowers bisexual, regular or irregular, trimerous, often 3-6-angled or 3-winged, the wings decurrent on to the ovary

Herbs, annual or perennial, small, mycotrophic, semi-mycotrophic, or autotrophic, often rhizomatous or tuberous. Leaves alternate, simple, entire; autotrophic species with basal rosette leaves; all with cauline leaves. Inflorescences terminal, many-flowered cymes or racemes, or flower solitary. Flowers bisexual. Perianth of 1 or 2 whorls and each whorl of 3 tepals, corolline, tubular or campanulate. Perianth tube often 3-angled or 3-winged; tepals sometimes appendaged; appendages terminal, elongated, slender. Stamens 3 or 6, if 3 then subsessile in perianth throat, if 6 then pendent in perianth tube; connectives large, often appendiculate. Ovary inferior, 1-loculed with parietal placentation or 3-loculed with axile placentation; ovules numerous, anatropous, bitegmic; style filiform, shortly cylindric, or conic; stigmas 3, sometimes connate. Fruit capsular, occasionally fleshy, with either persistent perianth tube and style or only persistent basal ring of perianth, dehiscence irregular or by transverse ventral slits. Seeds small, numerous; endosperm present.