The World Flora Online

SELECTED REFERENCES

Bogle, A. L. 1970. Floral morphology and vascular anatomy of the Hamamelidaceae: The apetalous genera of Hamamelidoideae. J. Arnold Arbor. 51: 310-366. Britton, N. L. 1905. Hamamelidaceae. In: N. L. Britton et al., eds. 1905+. North American Flora.... 47+ vols. New York. Vol. 22, pp. 185-187. Endress, P. K. 1987. Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of the Hamamelidaceae and the lower Hamamelidae. Pl. Syst. Evol. 162: 193-211. Endress, P. K. 1989. A suprageneric taxonomic classification of the Hamamelidaceae. Taxon 38(3): 371-376. Endress, P. K. 1989b. Phylogenetic relationships in the Hamamelidoideae. In: P. R. Crane and S. Blackmore, eds. 1989. Evolution, Systematics, and Fossil History of the Hamamelidae. 2 vols. Oxford. Vol. 1, pp. 227-248. [Syst. Assoc. Special Vol. 40A, B.] Ernst, W. R. 1963. The genera of Hamamelidaceae and Platanaceae in the southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 44: 193-210. Godfrey, R. K. 1988. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Northern Florida and Adjacent Georgia and Alabama. Athens, Ga. Goldblatt, P. and P. K. Endress. 1977. Cytology and evolution in Hamamelidaceae. J. Arnold Arbor. 58: 67-71.

Trees or shrubs , deciduous; pubescence stellate or sometimes simple. Dormant buds naked or scaly. Leaves alternate, simple, petiolate; stipules early deciduous. Leaf blade unlobed or deeply (3-)5-7-lobed, pinnately or palmately veined. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, capitate or spicate to ± racemose, bracteate. Flowers bisexual or unisexual; perianth epigynous, 1-2-seriate, 4-5-merous, often reduced or absent, hypanthium present; calyx persistent, 4-5(-7)-lobed, or absent; petals distinct or absent; stamens 4-34; anthers basifixed, latrorse, 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent by simple slit or by 1-2 vertical valves; pistil 1, 2-carpellate; ovary half-inferior, 2-locular; placentation axile; ovules 1(-2) in each locule and apical, or many, anatropous, pendent; styles and stigmas persistent, 2 each, erect or contorted and recurved. Fruits capsular, with leathery exocarp and bony endocarp, loculicidal and 2-seeded or septicidal with most of many seeds per locule aborted; 1-2 viable seeds per locule ( Liquidambar ). Seeds fusiform, bony, lustrous, hilum apical, light colored, or seeds winged, hilum lateral ( Liquidambar ).

Arbres'ou arbrisseaux, monoïques ou dioïques.'Feuilles'opposées ou alternes, simples; stipules presque toujours présentes et caduques.'Inflorescences'terminales ou axillaires, généralement en épis ou en capitules, formées de fleurs séparées ou ± soudées, parfois pourvues à la base de bractées stériles formant d'abord involucre puis caduques, chaque fleur souvent accompagnée d'une bractée et de deux bractéoles.'Fleurs'☿ ou ♂♀, petites, le plus souvent régulières; périanthe double ou simple ou parfois absent; calice libre ou ± adné à l'ovaire, souvent à 4-5 segments petits ou très réduits ou même absents; corolle généralement à 4-5 pétales parfois très petits ou absents, égaux ou très inégaux, souvent étroitement linéaires ou rubanés et alors enroulés sur eux-mêmes dans le bouton; disque rarement présent, annulaire ou formé de glandes séparées intrastaminales; étamines en nombre variable (5-25), souvent accompagnées de staminodes; anthères basifixes, rarement dorsifixes, à connectif parfois prolongé en un bec, biloculaires, à déhiscence longitudinale ou s'ouvrant par 1 ou 2 valves; ovaire ± infère, parfois supère, formé de 2 (parfois 1-3) carpelles, placentation variable; styles 2, généralement séparés; stigmates ponctiformes ou renflés ou larges et foliacés; ovules 1 à plusieurs par loge, anatropes, bitégumentés.'Capsule'biloculaire, ± ligneuse, généralement entourée partiellement du calice et ± bilobée au sommet, déhiscence variable.'Graines ± oblongues ou ovales, parfois ailées, souvent luisantes; albumen en général peu abondant.\n\t\t\tFamille principalement asiatique, comprenant 23 genres et 100 espèces; 3 genres et environ 20 espèces sont connus en Afrique tropicale et australe.

Leaves alternate or less often opposite, deciduous or persistent, simple, entire or not, pinnately or palmately nerved; stipules mostly paired, often deciduous Trees and shrubs, often with stellate indumentum Calyx-tube ± adnate to the base of the gynoecium; calyx-lobes 4–5 or more, imbricate or valvate Flowers bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic or rarely zygomorphic, rarely without a perianth Stamens 1-seriate, usually as many as and alternating with the petals, rarely fewer or indefinite, perigynous; filaments free; anthers 2-locular, opening lengthwise by slits or by valves; the connective often produced; staminodes sometimes present, alternating with the stamens Petals 4–5 or more, sometimes absent in female flowers, free, imbricate or valvate, rarely circinnate Inflorescences racemose, often spicate or capitate, sometimes very dense, terminal or axillary; bracts and bracteoles often present Ovary inferior or nearly so, rarely sub-superior, (l)2(3)-carpellary and -locular; carpels often free at the apex; styles subulate, free, often recurved and persistent; stigmas terminal or lateral; ovules 1-many in each loculus, axillary, pendulous Disk absent or annular or of separate glands Seeds mostly 1 per loculus, sometimes winged; endosperm thin; embryo straight Fruit a woody capsule, loculicidal or septicidal Trees and shrubs, often with stellate indumentum Calyx-tube ± adnate to the base of the gynoecium; calyx-lobes 4–5 or more, imbricate or valvate Flowers bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic or rarely zygomorphic, rarely without a perianth Stamens 1-seriate, usually as many as and alternating with the petals, rarely fewer or indefinite, perigynous; filaments free; anthers 2-locular, opening lengthwise by slits or by valves; the connective often produced; staminodes sometimes present, alternating with the stamens Petals 4–5 or more, sometimes absent in female flowers, free, imbricate or valvate, rarely circinnate Inflorescences racemose, often spicate or capitate, sometimes very dense, terminal or axillary; bracts and bracteoles often present Ovary inferior or nearly so, rarely sub-superior, (l)2(3)-carpellary and -locular; carpels often free at the apex; styles subulate, free, often recurved and persistent; stigmas terminal or lateral; ovules 1-many in each loculus, axillary, pendulous Disk absent or annular or of separate glands Seeds mostly 1 per loculus, sometimes winged; endosperm thin; embryo straight Fruit a woody capsule, loculicidal or septicidal

Fls regular, perfect or unisexual, usually partly or wholly epigynous, 4–5-merous; cal small or none; pet present or absent; stamens commonly 4–5, sometimes ± numerous; carpels 2 in our genera, united into a compound, partly inferior, bilocular ovary with 1–several ovules per locule; fr a woody capsule, dehiscent across the top; seeds with large, dicotyledonous embryo and ± well developed endosperm; shrubs or trees with simple, alternate lvs and deciduous stipules. 26/100±.

Shrubs or trees, evergreen or deciduous, hermaphroditic, andromonoecious, or monoecious. Indumentum usually of stellate hairs or stellate or peltate scales. Buds perulate or naked. Leaves distichous or spiral, rarely subopposite or opposite, stipules minute to large, usually paired (solitary and enclosing bud in Mytilaria, and apparently absent in Rhodoleia); petiole usually well defined; leaf blade simple or palmately lobed, pinnately veined or palmately 3–5-veined. Inflorescences usually spikes or heads, rarely racemes or (condensed) thyrses or panicles, axillary or terminal. Flowers small to medium-sized, bracteate and often bracteolate, bisexual or unisexual, actinomorphic or rarely zygomorphic (Rhodoleia), hypogynous to epigynous, floral cup shallow to urn-shaped, sometimes absent; sepals 4 or 5(–10), sometimes absent, imbricate, usually persistent; petals absent or 4 or 5, yellow, white, greenish or red, often ribbonlike and circinate in bud, caducous; stamens 4, 5, or many, free, rarely arranged in 2 whorls with the inner whorl staminodal, development of polyandrous androecia centripetal or centrifugal; anthers basifixed, thecae mostly bisporangiate, each opening by two valves or a simple longitudinal slit, or monosporangiate and opening by a single valve (Exbucklandia, Hamamelis and the genera of the S hemisphere), connective protruding; disk scales sometimes present between stamens and carpels. Ovary 2-locular, carpels free at apex; ovules mostly 1 per carpel, less often many, but then most of them sterile, crassinucellar, bitegmic, anatropous, halfway between apotropous and epitropous, pendent from ovary top if solitary, along the carpellary margins if numerous; placentation axile. Styles and stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule, dehiscing septicidally, septifragally, or loculicidally and 4-valved; endocarp woody or leathery, usually loose from leathery exocarp. Seeds 1 to many per carpel; if solitary then seed coat thick, hard, smooth and shiny, black or brown; if numerous then sometimes winged and only a few viable. Endosperm thin; embryo straight; cotyledons leaflike, radicle short.

Seeds 1–many, sometimes winged, with thin endosperm; embryo straight Fruit a woody loculicidal or septicidal capsule, with leathery exocarp and bony endocarp, often appearing apically 4-valved Ovary inferior, half-inferior or rarely superior, (l–)2(–3)-locular, the carpels sometimes free at the apex; ovules 1 or more in each cell, apical or anatropous, pendulous; placentation axile; styles 2, subulate, usually free, often recurved, sometimes persistent, the stigmas terminal or lateral Disc usually absent, when present annular or composed of separate glands Stamens 4–5(–25), rarely fewer, as many as and alternating with the petals, arranged in one series; staminodes sometimes present; filaments free, sometimes thickened and shorter than the anthers; anthers 2-thecous, opening lengthwise or by valves, the connective sometimes projecting to form a beak Petals 4–5 or more, sometimes absent in ? flowers, free, imbricate or valvate, rarely circinate, mostly linear-spathulate or obovate Calyx-tube variously shaped, usually ± adnate to the ovary; lobes (3–)5(–7), imbricate or valvate Evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs, often with stellate indumentum Leaves alternate or less often opposite, simple, but often pinnatifid or palmatilobed, entire or serrate (the teeth sometimes glandular), usually stipulate; stipules mostly paired, persistent or more usually deciduous Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemose, often spicate or capitate, sometimes so densely packed that the flowers are almost joined; bracts and bracteoles often present, the former sometimes forming a coloured involucre Flowers small to large, regular or rarely irregular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, hypogynous to perigynous, rarely without a perianth Fruit a woody loculicidal or septicidal capsule, with leathery exocarp and bony endocarp, often appearing apically 4-valved Ovary inferior, half-inferior or rarely superior, (l–)2(–3)-locular, the carpels sometimes free at the apex; ovules 1 or more in each cell, apical or anatropous, pendulous; placentation axile; styles 2, subulate, usually free, often recurved, sometimes persistent, the stigmas terminal or lateral Disc usually absent, when present annular or composed of separate glands Stamens 4–5(–25), rarely fewer, as many as and alternating with the petals, arranged in one series; staminodes sometimes present; filaments free, sometimes thickened and shorter than the anthers; anthers 2-thecous, opening lengthwise or by valves, the connective sometimes projecting to form a beak Petals 4–5 or more, sometimes absent in ? flowers, free, imbricate or valvate, rarely circinate, mostly linear-spathulate or obovate Calyx-tube variously shaped, usually ± adnate to the ovary; lobes (3–)5(–7), imbricate or valvate Evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs, often with stellate indumentum Leaves alternate or less often opposite, simple, but often pinnatifid or palmatilobed, entire or serrate (the teeth sometimes glandular), usually stipulate; stipules mostly paired, persistent or more usually deciduous Inflorescences terminal or axillary, racemose, often spicate or capitate, sometimes so densely packed that the flowers are almost joined; bracts and bracteoles often present, the former sometimes forming a coloured involucre Flowers small to large, regular or rarely irregular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, hypogynous to perigynous, rarely without a perianth