The World Flora Online

SELECTED REFERENCE Der, J. P. and D. L. Nickrent. 2008. A molecular phylogeny of Santalaceae (Santalales). Syst. Bot. 33: 107–116.

Shrubs or trees, root parasites [stem parasites], evergreen or deciduous, synoecious or dioecious [monoecious, andromonoecious]. Leaves opposite [alternate, whorled], simple; stipules absent; petiole present; blade margins entire; venation pinnate. Inflorescences unisexual or bisexual, axillary or terminal, thyrses or umbels [spikes, racemes, cymes, panicles, fascicles], or flowers solitary. Flowers bisexual or unisexual; perianth and androecium perigynous or epigynous; hypanthium adnate to ovary proximally, free distally [completely adnate to ovary]; sepals 0; petals 3–4(–5), distinct, valvate, post-staminal hairs present or absent; nectary present [absent]; stamens 3–4(–5), opposite petals, distinct, free; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits; staminodes present in pistillate flowers; pistil 1, 1–3-carpellate, ovary 1/2-inferior or inferior, 1–3-locular proximally, 1-locular distally, placentation free central, pendulous; ovules 2–4 per ovary, anatropous; style 1; stigma 1. Fruits pseudodrupes (mesocarp hard). Seeds 1 per fruit.

Plantes généralement vivaces, herbacées ou ligneuses , parfois monoïques ou dioïques, généralement hémiparasites sur racines. Feuilles généralement alternes, simples, parfois réduites à de petites écailles, sans stipules. Inflorescences variées ou fleurs solitaires; bractéoles 2 ou plusieurs, parfois disposées en involucre, rarement nulles. Fleurs petites, hermaphrodites à unisexuées par avortement, parfois polygames, à symétrie rayonnante, 3-6-mères; réceptacle campanulé ou cylindrique; périgone à préfloraison valvaire; étamines en même nombre que les tépales et situées en face de ceux-ci, à filets filiformes ou rubanés, souvent courts, et parfois ± unis aux tépales, à anthères basifixes ou dorsifixes, 2-thèques, chaque thèque s'ouvrant par 1 ou 2 fentes longitudinales; disque varié, épigyne ou périgyne; pistil l, à ovaire semi-infère à infère, rarement supère, 2-5-carpellaire, à 1 style, à 1 loge, généralement à placenta central portant à son sommet 1-5 ovules penduleux ou dressés, dépourvus de téguments, dont un seul fertile. Akènes ou drupes monospermes . Graines sans spermoderme, à albumen charnu; embryon à radicule supère.

Plantes'herbacées ou ligneuses, parfois monoïques ou dioïques, généralement hémiparasites sur racines, souvent glabres.'Feuilles'généralement alternes, parfois réduites et écailleuses, sans stipules.'Fleurs'solitaires ou en inflorescences variées, ☿ à ♂ ♀ par avortement, parfois polygames, actinomorphes, 3-6-mères, petites; bractéoles 2 ou plusieurs, parfois disposées en involucre, rarement nulles; réceptacle campanulé ou cylindrique; périgone à préfloraison valvaire; androcée isomère, obstémone, à filets filiformes ou rubanés et souvent courts, ± concrescents avec les tépales, à anthères basifixes ou dorsifixes, 2-thèques, chaque thèque à 1 ou 2 fentes de déhiscence longitudinale; disque épigyne ou périgyne très variable; ovaire semi-infère à infère, rarement supère, uniloculaire, généralement à placenta central portant à son sommet 1-5 ovules dépourvus de téguments, dont un seul fertile.'Akènes'ou drupes monospermes.'Graines sans spermoderme et à endosperme charnu; embryon à radicule supère.\n\t\t\tTrente genres répartis en 3 tribus groupant environ 400 espèces habitant les régions tropicales, subtropicales et tempérées. Les drupes d' Acanthosyris'et d' Eucarya'sont comestibles; certains'Santalum'fournissent l'essence de Santal; le bois de plusieurs espèces des genres'Santalum ,'Eucarya'et'Acanthosyris est hautement réputé.

Fruit nut-like or drupaceous Seed without a testa; endosperm copious; embryo straight; cotyledons mostly terete Ovules 1–3, pendulous from the top of a basal placenta Stamens the same number as the calyx-lobes and opposite to them; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise Petals absent Ovary inferior or half inferior, 1-celled; style simple Disk epigynous Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, sometimes reduced to scales, exstipulate Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes parasitic on trees or roots Calyx often fleshy, adnate to the ovary, lobes 3–6, valvate or slightly imbricate Flowers often greenish, hermaphrodite or unisexual, actinomorphic Seed without a testa; endosperm copious; embryo straight; cotyledons mostly terete Ovules 1–3, pendulous from the top of a basal placenta Stamens the same number as the calyx-lobes and opposite to them; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise Petals absent Ovary inferior or half inferior, 1-celled; style simple Disk epigynous Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, sometimes reduced to scales, exstipulate Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes parasitic on trees or roots Calyx often fleshy, adnate to the ovary, lobes 3–6, valvate or slightly imbricate Flowers often greenish, hermaphrodite or unisexual, actinomorphic

Seed solitary; testa obsolete; cotyledons surrounded by copious fleshy, oily or starchy endosperm Herbs, shrubs or trees, hemiparasitic Ovary (in genera of the Flora Zambesiaca area) inferior, unilocular, placenta erect, free-central with 2–3 pendulous ovules; style simple, cylindric or sometimes nearly wanting; stigma terminal, capitate or 2–3(5)-lobed Fruit indehiscent, dry or fleshy (nut or drupe) Stamens as many as and opposite the lobes, inserted at or below their base; anthers (in genera of the Flora Zambesiaca area) with 2 parallel thecae opening by longitudinal slits Disk epigynous, intrastaminal, lobed, often lining at least the lower part of the perianth tube Leaves often alternate, sometimes opposite, petiolate or sessile, simple, entire, sometimes reduced to scales, exstipulate Flowers in various sorts of essentially cymose inflorescences, often with a small dichasium axillary to each bract, small, often greenish, hermaphrodite or unisexual (then plants monoecious or dioecious), regular, monochlamydeous, the lobes distinct (in genera of the Flora Zambesiaca area), forming a valvate 3–5-lobed fleshy cup or tube Herbs, shrubs or trees, hemiparasitic Ovary (in genera of the Flora Zambesiaca area) inferior, unilocular, placenta erect, free-central with 2–3 pendulous ovules; style simple, cylindric or sometimes nearly wanting; stigma terminal, capitate or 2–3(5)-lobed Fruit indehiscent, dry or fleshy (nut or drupe) Stamens as many as and opposite the lobes, inserted at or below their base; anthers (in genera of the Flora Zambesiaca area) with 2 parallel thecae opening by longitudinal slits Disk epigynous, intrastaminal, lobed, often lining at least the lower part of the perianth tube Leaves often alternate, sometimes opposite, petiolate or sessile, simple, entire, sometimes reduced to scales, exstipulate Flowers in various sorts of essentially cymose inflorescences, often with a small dichasium axillary to each bract, small, often greenish, hermaphrodite or unisexual (then plants monoecious or dioecious), regular, monochlamydeous, the lobes distinct (in genera of the Flora Zambesiaca area), forming a valvate 3–5-lobed fleshy cup or tube

Fls perfect or often unisexual, regular, commonly (and in all our spp.) epigynous, monochlamydeous, the tep usually 4 or 5, distinct or forming a valvately lobed, often fleshy hypanthial cup or tube; stamens as many as and opposite the tep; nectary-disk seated atop the ovary or lining the hypanthium; ovary (2)3(–5)-carpellate, unilocular or partitioned only at the base, the erect, free-central placenta bearing 1–4 ovules pendulous from the summit; style with a capitate or lobed stigma; embryology often unusual; fr a nut or drupe with a solitary seed lacking a testa; embryo straight, dicotyledonous, embedded in the copious endosperm; green root-parasites with exstipulate, simple, entire (sometimes reduced) lvs and small fls in diverse sorts of infls. 35/400, cosmop.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, usually root hemiparasites, occasionally aerial hemiparasites (Dendrotrophe and Phacellaria); nodes not articulated, mostly glabrous, less often hairy, hairs simple. Leaves usually alternate (opposite in Buckleya), sometimes scale-like (absent in Phacellaria); stipules absent; petiole often indistinct; leaf blade simple, usually pinnately veined, sometimes palmately 3-9-veined (in Dendrotrophe), margin entire. Inflorescences mostly axillary, occasionally terminal (in Buckleya), cymose, umbellate, paniculate, racemelike, spicate, or clustered, sometimes 1-flowered; bracts scale-like, small, sometimes forming involucre, sometimes ± adnate to pedicel (in Thesium); bracteoles sometimes present, paired. Flowers bisexual or unisexual (plants usually dioecious, rarely monoecious), actinomorphic, 3-6(-8)-merous, very small; perianth lobes 3-6(-8), slightly fleshy. Male flowers: perianth lobes valvate or slightly imbricate in bud, incurved or patent when flowering, sparsely hairy or with tongue-shaped appendage at the insertion of the stamens. Disk epigynous or perigynous, sometimes absent, margin sinuate or lobed, sometimes distinct, glandular or scaly. Stamens as many as and opposite to perianth lobes, usually on the base of lobes; filaments filiform, short; anthers gynobasic or dorsifixed near base, 2-celled, parallel or divaricate, dehiscence usually longitudinal. Female and bisexual flowers: perianth tube usually longer than that of male. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 1- or 5-12-loculed; ovules 1-3(-5), anatropous or hemitropous, integument absent. Style 1; stigma capitate, small, truncate or lobed. Fruit a drupe or a nut, exocarp usually fleshy, endocarp crustaceous or bony. Seed 1, without a differentiated testa; endosperm copious, usually white and partitioned, fleshy; embryo cylindric, straight, small, smooth, rugose, or many ridged. 2n = 5, 6, 7, 12, 13+.

Seed solitary; testa obsolete; cotyledons surrounded by copious fleshy, oily or starchy endosperm Fruit indehiscent, dry or fleshy (nut or drupe) Ovary (in tropical African genera) inferior, unilocular; placenta erect, free-central with 2–3 pendulous ovules; style simple, cylindric or sometimes nearly wanting; stigma terminal, capitate or 2–3(–5)-lobed Disk epigynous, intrastaminal, lobed, often lining at least the lower part of the perianth tube Leaves often alternate, sometimes opposite, petiolate or sessile, simple, entire, sometimes reduced to scales, exstipulate Herbs, shrubs or trees, hemiparasitic Stamens as many as and opposite the lobes, inserted at or below their base; anthers (in tropical African genera) with 2 parallel thecae opening by longitudinal slits Flowers in various sorts of essentially cymose inflorescences, often with a small dichasium axillary to each bract, small, often greenish, hermaphrodite or unisexual (then plants monoecious or dioecious), regular, monochlamydeous, the lobes distinct (in tropical African genera), forming a valvate 3–5-lobed fleshy cup or tube Fruit indehiscent, dry or fleshy (nut or drupe) Ovary (in tropical African genera) inferior, unilocular; placenta erect, free-central with 2–3 pendulous ovules; style simple, cylindric or sometimes nearly wanting; stigma terminal, capitate or 2–3(–5)-lobed Disk epigynous, intrastaminal, lobed, often lining at least the lower part of the perianth tube Leaves often alternate, sometimes opposite, petiolate or sessile, simple, entire, sometimes reduced to scales, exstipulate Herbs, shrubs or trees, hemiparasitic Stamens as many as and opposite the lobes, inserted at or below their base; anthers (in tropical African genera) with 2 parallel thecae opening by longitudinal slits Flowers in various sorts of essentially cymose inflorescences, often with a small dichasium axillary to each bract, small, often greenish, hermaphrodite or unisexual (then plants monoecious or dioecious), regular, monochlamydeous, the lobes distinct (in tropical African genera), forming a valvate 3–5-lobed fleshy cup or tube